Natural resources in marine and coastal ecosystems are economically, socially, biologically and culturally important for Pacific island people. However, sustainable use and conservation of marine resources is not sufficiently reflected in national planning processes, due in part to a lack of information regarding their economic value. In addition, existing marine protected areas (MPAs) have often been developed opportunistically rather than through a transparent and robust spatial planning process. These MPAs, therefore, cannot secure the associated ecosystem services and biodiversity. Improved management of marine and coastal biodiversity in Pacific Island countries will help them to meet their commitments under the CBD Strategic Plan 2011-2020 and the relevant Aichi targets, including