1. BACKGROUND The Wildlife Conservation Society’s Indonesia marine program aims to conserve marine resources that are vital to the protection and sustainability of human livelihoods across the Indonesian archipelago from the Bay of Bengal through to the heart of the Coral Triangle. WCS employs a rigorous scientific approach to build capacity, strengthen management and inspire community stewardship for the protection and sustainable use of critical marine ecosystems, fisheries and threatened species. In Indonesia, the WCS marine program has three major objectives: (1) to establish and increase the management effectiveness of 1 million hectares of marine protected areas (MPAs) in seascapes in Aceh, Java, Sulawesi, and North Maluku; (2) sustainable management of coastal fisheries in and ar